Research progress on the exposure pathway and toxic effect of microplastics / 中国职业医学

Global plastics production has been increasing year by year. Due to the large quantity of plastics and the difficulty of their degradation, plastics are continuously accumulated in the environment. Therefore, plastic waste has become one of the most serious threats to the global environment. Microplastics can be absorbed into organisms through the mouth, respiratory tract and skin, causing organ(intestine, liver) toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Moreover, microplastics can also take up other pollutants distributed in the surrounding environment, such as heavy metals and organic pollutants, jointly exerting combined toxic effects. The extracts of microplastics, including microplastics unstable polymers and additives, also have toxic effects. The molecular mechanisms involved in the toxic effects induced by microplastics include oxidative stress, inflammation, disturbance of intestinal flora, disturbance of gene expression, and others.

Comparative study on 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in rat and human plasma protein binding and its metabolism in liver microsomes in vitro / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To study the metabolic characteristics of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in vitro and compare the differences between rats and human,and for the purpose of providing data for poison effect research and extrapolating poison effect of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile from animals to human being. METHODS: Equilibrium dialysis method was used to analyze the protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the plasma of rats and humans in the groups of low dose,medium dose and high dose which were treated with mass concentration of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile at 500,5 000 and 50 000 μg / L respectively. Metabolic incubation systems of SD rat microsomes and human liver microsomes were established in vitro. When the mass concentration of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the systems was 800 μg / L,the concentration of liver microsome was 0. 5 g / L; after being incubated for 0,10,30,60 and 90 min with the involvement of the regeneration system of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the incubation systems,the metabolic reaction was stoped. The residual amounts of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile were analyzed and metabolic half-life of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile incubating with liver microsomes in vitro was figured out. RESULTS: Protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the groups of low dose,medium dose and high dose were( 83. 5 ± 0. 9) %,( 88. 8 ± 0. 3) % and( 88. 6 ± 0. 3) % in rats plasma,and( 85. 2 ± 0. 1) %,( 89. 0 ± 0. 1) % and( 91. 1 ± 0. 4) % in human plasma. Both in rat plasma and human plasma,the protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the groups of medium dose and high dose were significantly increased than that in the low-dose group( P < 0. 01). In human plasma,the protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the high-dose group significantly increased than that in the medium-dose group( P < 0. 01). In the groups of low dose and high dose,the protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in human plasma significantly increased than that in rats plasma( P < 0. 01). Absolute differences in protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile between the rat plasma and the human plasma were no more than 2. 5% in the same dose groups. Metabolic half-life of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile incubating with rats and human liver microsomes and control solution in vitro were respectively( 58. 6 ± 1. 6),( 59. 2 ± 1. 5) and( 65. 0 ± 6. 3) min,which shows no significant differences( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: The potein binding ratio and metabolism of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in liver microsomes in rat plasma is similar to those in human plasma. Both in the plasmas of rats and humans,5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile has high protein binding ratio,and 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile is not metabolized in liver microsomes of either rats or humans.

Expression of aquaporin 4 in 1,2-dichloroethane-induced toxic brain edema in rats / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of aquaporin 4( APQ4) in rat toxic brain edema induced by subacute 1,2-dichloroethane( 1,2-DCE) exposure. METHODS: Thirty-two specific pathogen free healthy adult female SD rats were randomly divided into control( 8 rats),low-dose( 12 rats) and high-dose( 12 rats) groups. The treatment groups were exposed to 1,2-DCE( low-dose: 600 mg / m3; high-dose: 1 800 mg/m3,nose-only) and the control group was exposed to fresh air by dynamic inhalation for 8 hours per day for consecutive 7 days. After exposure,histopathologic changes were examined in the cerebral cortex. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA relative expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2( MMP2),Na-K-Cl cotransporter-1( NKCC1) and AQP4. The Western blotting was used to detect the expression of AQP4 protein in the cerebral cortex. RESULTS: The pathological results showed that the cerebral cortex tissues were loose around the peripheral vessels and the vessels tissue space appeared widen in low-dose exposure group. The pathological change was more serious in high-dose group than low-dose group,with obvious loosen vessels and vacuole. Compared with those of the control group and the low-dose group,the relative expression level of MMP2 mRNA in the high-dose group increased significantly[( 1. 07 ± 0. 41) vs( 1. 56 ± 0. 55),( 1. 21 ± 0. 59) vs( 1. 56 ± 0. 55),P <0. 05],while the the relative expression level of AQP4 mRNA in the high-dose group significantly decreased [( 1. 03 ±0. 25) vs( 0. 81 ± 0. 12),( 1. 00 ± 0. 20) vs( 0. 81 ± 0. 12),P < 0. 05]. The relative expression levels of NKCC1 mRNA in all groups showed no statistical difference [( 1. 03 ± 0. 31) vs( 1. 14 ± 0. 43) vs( 1. 36 ± 0. 50),P > 0. 05]. The relative expression level of AQP4 protein in the high-dose group was lower than that of the control group [( 0. 80 ± 0. 25) vs( 1. 19 ± 0. 42),P < 0. 05]. CONCLUSION: The brain edema induced by subacute inhalation of 1,2-DCE is of mixed types with vasogenic edema as its main symptom. Its pathogenesis is related to the changes of AQP4 expression.

Clinical analysis on four cases of occupational chronic toxic peripheral neuropathy caused by 1-bromopropane / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical features of occupational chronic toxic peripheral neuropathy caused by1-bromopropan( 1-BP). METHODS: Clinical data of 4 patients who suffered from occupational chronic toxic peripheral neuropathy caused by 1-BP were collected for retrospective analysis. RESULTS: The 4 male patients were ultrasonic cleaning operation workers in a hardware vacuum coating enterprise. They were exposed to high levels of 1-BP for 9-11 months. The main clinical manifestations were varying degrees of sensory disorder and dyskinesia. The main symptoms were progressive increase of numbness and fatigue in the lower extremities. These symptoms might be accompanied by unsteady gait.Physical examination showed muscle strength weakness in the double lower limbs. The hypalgesia,pselaphesia,topesthesia and pallesthesia decreased in the double lower limbs or 4 limbs. The bilateral achilles tendon reflex mainly showed reduced or disappeared. One case had sensory ataxia. Electroneuromyography examination showed different levels of peripheral nerve damage among the cases. The motor nerve conduction velocity and sensory nerve conduction velocity reduced commonly. The axon and myelin sheath damage were visible. On the basis of GBZ / T 247-2013 Diagnosis of Occupational Chronic Toxic Peripheral Neuropathy Caused by Chemicals,these cases were diagnosed as occupational chronic toxic peripheral neuropathy caused by 1-BP. CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure to high level 1-BP can lead to chronic poisoning with peripheral nervous system damage. The diagnosis can be made based on the 1-BP exposure history,clinical features and the neurogenic damage found in electroneuromyography examination.

Toxicity of 1,2-dichloroethane and its metabolites on human astrocytes / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the toxicity of 1,2-dichloroethane( 1,2-DCE) and its metabolites on human astrocytes( HAs). METHODS: Different doses of 1,2-DCE( 5. 00,10. 00,25. 00,50. 00 and 100. 00 mmol/L),2-chlorohydrins( 5. 00,25. 00,50. 00,100. 00 and 200. 00 mmol/L),2-chloroacetaldehyde( 1. 00,5. 00,10. 00,20. 00 and 50. 00 mmol / L) and chloroacetic acid( 0. 01,0. 05,0. 10,0. 50 and 1. 00 mmol / L) were used for treating HAs in vitro during their logarithmic phase. After 24 hours of culture,the morphology of HAs was observed by fluorescent inverted phase contrast microscope. The survival rate and the inhibition ratio of HAs were detected by CCK-8 colorimetry to estimate the50% inhibiting concentration in 24 hours( 24 h-IC50). The apoptosis of HAs was tested by double-labeling and flow cytometry using Annexin Ⅴ-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide. RESULTS: The morphology of HAs changed in varying degrees after 24 hours exposure to 1,2-DCE,2-chlorohydrins,2-chloroacetaldehyde and chloroacetic acid. The changes included smaller size of cells,pseudopodia tapering,increased intracellular particles and suspension of circular cells and decreased transparency of cells. With the increasing does of 1,2-DCE,2-chlorohydrins,2-chloroacetaldehyde and chloroacetic acid exposure,the survival rates of HAs decreased( P < 0. 01),while its inhibition ratios increased( P <0. 01). They all showed dose-effect relationship. 24 h-IC50 of the above 4 chemicals were 56. 25,235. 00,26. 43 and1. 38 mmol / L,respectively. The 1,2-DCE,2-chlorohydrins and chloroacetic acid could induce the apoptosis of HAs and the apoptosis rate of HAs was positively correlated with the 3 kinds of chemicals( P < 0. 01). CONCLUSION: 1,2-DCE and its metabolites 2-chloroacetaldehyde,2-chlorohydrins and chloroacetic acid can lead to toxic damage and induce the apoptosis of HAs. Chloroacetic acid has the strongest toxicity among the metabolites.

Effects of different light on the ethology and melatonin secretion in depressive rats / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To observe the impact of energy saving light,incandescent light and circadian light on the ethology of depressive rats and explore its possible mechanism on affecting the secretion of melatonin. METHODS: Thirty rats aged 6weeks were randomly selected from 40 specific pathogen free health female SD rats after they adapted to the living environment,depressive rat models were established in the rats by bilateral ovariectomy combined with isolated living and chronic unpredictable mild stress stimulation at the age of 11-14 weeks. Then these 30 ovariectomized rats were randomly divided into 3 intervention groups,including an energy saving light group,an incandescent light group and a circadian light group,with 10 rats in each group. The rats in these 3 groups were given specific experimental light intervention for 3 weeks respectively at the age of 17 weeks. The other 10 rats were raised in conventional environment as the control group. Their body weights were measured at the age of 17,19,20 and 21 weeks. The ethology tests were carried out by sucrose preference test and the open-field test at the age of 7,14 and 20 weeks respectively. The melatonin levels in peripheral blood of 7 time points from 19: 30 to 8: 30 were measured in the rats at age of 21 weeks. One rat in each group at every time point was randomly selected for examination. RESULTS: At the age of 17 weeks before light-intervention,the body weights of rats in 4 groups showed no significant difference( P > 0. 05). After light-intervention,at the age of 17-20 weeks,the body weights of rats in 3 intervention groups were gradually increased with the increase of age( P < 0. 05).There was no significant difference between body weights of rats at the age of 21 weeks and those at the age of 20 weeks in each group( P > 0. 05). At age of 7 weeks,no significant differences were found in sucrose consumption and standing scores among these 4 groups( P > 0. 05). After the depressive models were established,at the age of 14 weeks before light-intervention,in rats of these 3 intervention groups,the sucrose consumption and standing scores were lower than those of the control group( P < 0. 05),and there was no significant difference found in the above 2 indexes among these 3intervention groups( P > 0. 05). At the age of 20 weeks after light-intervention,the sucrose consumption and standing scores were not significantly different from each other among the 4 groups( P > 0. 05). The peak levels of melatonin in the peripheral blood of rats in these 3 intervention groups were higher than that in the control group. The peak levels onsets of melatonin in peripheral blood of rats in the circadian light group and the energy saving light group were earlier or 2 hours delayed compared to that of control group,while it was similar between the incandescent light group and control group.CONCLUSION: The circadian light,the energy saving light and the incandescent light are similarly effective in improving the behaviors of depressive rats. The circadian light can delay the onset of peak level of melatonin in peripheral blood.

Drug-Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus Induced by Erythromycin in Vitro / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the drug-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus induced by erythromycin in vitro and its changes in growth and susceptibility of antibiotics.Methods Erythromycin in vitro induction was conducted with the S.au-reus reference strain ATCC25923 on the serial of erythromycin agar plates.The growth of S.aureus,and the susceptibility a-gainst other antibiotics was compared after induced to the parent strain.Results Resistance to erythromycin was successful-ly,and themaximum MIC was over 256 mg/L.The Erythromycin-resistant S.aureus grew much slower than the susceptible parent,and the strains didn’t have cross-resistance to other antibiotics.Conclusion S.aureus could be induced resistance in vitro by erythromycin,and this resistance inherited stably.Some phenotype and biochemical characteristic features of the strain were changed after induced.

Analysis of causes of extravasation of intravenous fluids in children patients and countermeasures / 中国实用护理杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the causes and countermeasures for extravasation of intravenous fluids in children. Methods726 cases of intravenous infusion in pediatric surgery department from May to December 2011 in our hospital were observed. ResultsThere were 30 cases with extravasation of intravenous infusion in the 726 cases,the leakage rate was 4.13％.The specific causes of fluid extravasation included:younger age of children,not cooperating with the infusion in 18 cases,accounting for 60.00％,followed by non standardized fixation methods in 5 cases,accounting for 16.67％,and accompanying family members refused to be disturbed accounted for 13.33％,Nursing visits to owe in a timely manner accounted for 6.67％.The rate of younger age of children and lack of cooperation leading to fluid extravasation were significantly higher than other causes,the difference was statistically significant. ConclusionsChildren age,fixation method,cooperation of family members,inspections and other factors can be controlled.Along with the continuous improvement of medical standards and a variety of active and effective implementation of the measures,these factors can be controlled effectively.Strengthening the training of nurses and vocational skills to enhance their own sense of responsibility,to give standardized infusion operation and fixation,and give predictable observation and treatment,can effectively prevent the occurrence of extravasation of intravenous fluids.

Evaluation of application effect of risk management in nursing of department of nephrology / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To analyze the related factors of nursing risk in department of nephrology and to explore strategies of risk management.Methods Risk management was implemented to 39 nurses in department of nephrology of our hospital.The KAP scores,the incidence of nursing risk events,nursing complaints and patients' satisfaction degree before and after the implementation of nursing risk management were compared.Results After the implementation of nursing risk management,nurses' KAP score was significantly higher; the incidence of nursing risk events and complaints significantly reduced; patients' satisfaction degree to nursing were significantly higher compared with those before the implementation.Conclusions The implementation of nursing risk management can effectively improve the quality of nursing and reduce the incidence of nursing risk events.

Prokaryotic expression and pilot application of capsid proteins of WU polyomavirus / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To express the capsid proteins of WU polyomavirus(WUPyV) for research and find antigen for diagnostic value. Methods Coding sequences of capsid proteins of WU polyomavirus by PCR were cloned in prokaryotic expression vector PGEX-20T. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) and induced by IPTG for proteins expression. Recombinant proteins were identified by Western blot. Results SDS-PAGE proved that recombinant proteins showed three bands with molecular relative mass of 69×103, 63×103 and 56×103. The recombinant proteins were recognized by anti-GST McAb. The antigenicity was tested by Western blot using 16 WU polyomavirus positive and 70 negative sera. Conclusion Recombinant VP1, VP2 and VP3 expressed in E. coli can combine with WUPyV-Ab and have good antigenicity. They can be used for further research.

Rapid screening for and confirmation of gonococcemia / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate the application value of 16S rDNA-based detection technique in the rapid screening for and confirmation of gonococcemia. Methods A 41-year-old male patient was hospitalized for recurrent regular fever and chills for 1 month. Several days before the admission, he developed urgent micturition, frequent micturition and pain in urination, anemia with emaciation appearance, slightly pale-looking skin and mucous membranes. No petechia, skin eruption or superficial lymphadenectasis was observed, but routine blood test and urine test results were abnormal. No abnormality was found in stool test or hepatic and renal function. DNA was extracted from the blood of the patient and subjected to PCR for the amplification of 16S rDNA followed by sequence analysis and homology analysis. At the same time, bacterial culture of blood and drug sensitivity test for the bacterial isolate were performed. Results Homology analysis indicated that the amplicon sequence was consistent with the known sequence of 16S rDNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in GeneBank, which agreed well with the culture result of peripheral blood. Conclusion The detection of 16s rDNA with PCR from peripheral blood is highly efficient, specific, sensitive, rapid and accurate for the screening for and confirmation of gonococcemia.

Effects of combined therapy of Xuezhikang Capsule and Valsartan on hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy and heart rate turbulence / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of combined therapy with Xuezhikang Capsule (XZK) and Valsartan on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) in hypertensive patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety primary hypertensive patients with LVH were randomly assigned to three groups. Basic treatment, including aspirin, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, etc. were administered to all patients. Additionally, Valsartan (VS, 80 mg once a day) was given to the 30 patients in the VS group. Valsartan (in the same dosage) and XZK (600 mg, twice a day) were given to the 32 patients in the Chinese medicine (CM) group, while none was given to the 28 patients in the control group. The therapeutic course lasted for 24 months. Changes in left ventricular mass index (LVMI) measured by cardiac ultrasonic indices, HRT parameters, including the original heart rate (TO) and slope coeffificient (TS), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP), as well as blood cholesterol level (TC) were measured before and after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment, TO and LVMI were lowered, while TS increased in both the VS group and the CM group (P<0.01), but changed insignificantly in the control group. Significant differences between the CM group and the control group were shown in terms of TO, LVMI, SBP, DBP and TS (P<0.01); and between the CM group and the VS group in terms of TO, LVMI and TS (P<0.01). Moreover, HRT parameters showed an evident correlation with LVMI (r=0.519-0.635, P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combined therapy with XZK and Valsartan can improve hypertensive LVH and HRT parameters, and lessen the damage on the autonomous nervous system.</p>

The prevalence of human bocavirus among children with acute respiratory tract infection in Guangdong / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of human bocavirus(HBoV)among children with acute respiratory tract infection(ARTI)in Guangdong Province.Methods Four hundred and forty-seven nasopharyngeal aspirates or swabs samples from children with ARTI in Guangdong Province were collected from June 2007 to May 2008.HBoV capsid protein VP gene fragments were detected using polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Positive PCR products were sequenced.The DNA and translated amino acid sequences were aligned with known HBoV sequences in GenBank and phylogenetic analysis was also done.Results The positive rate of HBOV was 5.1%of samples from 447 ARTI cases.Ten samples were positive for both HBoV and other respiratory virus,which was 43.5%of positive samples.The main diagnosis for HBoV positive children included wheezing pneumonia,bronchiolitis and bronchial pneumonia.HBoV positive children ranged from 42 days to 6 years old,and most of them were younger than one year.HBOV infection was more common during summer,early autumn and late spring.Through sequence alignment and phylogenetie analysis,the DNA sequences and amino acid sequences of VP gene fragments of isolated HBoV strains showed 97.8%-98.8%and 99.3%-100.0%identity with ST1,respectively.Conclusions HBoV is one of the important pathogens of lower respiratory tract infection in children in Guangdong Province,which is more prevalent in infants younger than one year.Although VP gene fragment of HBoV is conservative in general,there are still some missense mutations.

Microbic distribution of acute rhinitis patients' nasal cavity and dependability research of respiratory infection / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore microbic distribution feature of acute rhinitis pafienta' nasal cavity and dependabihty research of respiratory infection.Methods 436 acute rhinitis pafienta were randomly divided tO infection group(314)and non-infection group(122)depended on whether accompanying respiratory infection.Take blenna narium and carry out nasal cavity microbiological detection,meanwhile take blood and mesasure the content of serum IL-4 and IFN-γ.Results The staphylococcus aureus taked the most proportion(58.6%and 3 1.2%)of nasal cavity bacterial distribution in infection group and non-infection group,the following bacterium were the staphylococcus epidermidis(44.9%and 46.7%),bacillus meningitidis purulentae(7.9%and 4.9%)and bacillus coli(3.5%and 1.6%),the major eumycete were the peptostreptococcus asaeeharolyticus(1.9%and 1.6%),eubacterium lentum (1.6%and 0)and eubacterium mucus(0.9%and 0.8%),the major virus were the syncytial virus,the rhinoviru8es,adenodrus,influenza virus,parainfluenze virus and coronaviruses.The respiratory tract infection patients' content of serum IL-4 Were significant higher(P＜0.05)than the non-infection group,but the content ofIFN-γ were signifieanfly reduced(P＜0.05).Conclusion The staphylococcus aureus,syncytial virus,rhinoviruses,adenovirus and influenza virus have the close relation with the infection of the respiratory tract,which can cause the disorder of organism immune function.

Detection for respiratory viruses in children with multiplex PCR / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To characterize the prevalence and occurrence of respiratory viruses in chil-dren in Southern China. Methods Respiratory virus were identified from nasopharyngeal aspirates and throat swabs collected from children with bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia and asthmatic bronchitis who visi-ted the Pediatrics of Affiliated Hospital to Shantou University, Shenzhen Fourth People's Hospital, Jieyang People's Hospital, during the period of June 2006 to June 2008. Respiratory virus was detected by multiplex PCR. Results Viruses were detected in 362 patients(52.77% ), among them, RSV infection was the most frequent, 31.22% of 113 patients. RHV was found in 16.85% (61 patients), IVA in 14.36% (52 pa-tients), ADV in 9.67% (35 patients), PIV in 16. 02% (58 patients), hBOV in 6. 08% (22 patients), hMPV in 4.97% ( 18 patients) and IVB in 0. 83% (3 patients). Conclusion The data indicate that RSV, RHV and IVA is an important etiological agent for respiratory infections in children during the survey period. RSV, IVA combined other virus are the most virus for combined infection, and the manages are worked out by the doctor for the diagnosis and treatment depended on the detected results of the pathogen.

Viral etiology of acute infantile diarrhea in autumn and winter in Shenzhen / 中华检验医学杂志

and adenovirns. The high rate of mixed viral infection brings clinical concern. ELISA combined with PCR improve the diagnostic sensitivity for norovirus, enteric adenovirns and astrovirus.

HLA-DM polymorphism and risk of trichloroethylene induced medicamentosa-like dermatitis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the association between genetic polymorphisms of HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB and risk of developing trichloroethylene-induced medicamentosa-like dermatitis (TIMLD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-one cases were medically confirmed to have been affected with TIMLD and 60 controls were selected from exposed workers who were free from TIMLD. The TIMLD cases and controls were similar in terms of age, sex, and duration of exposure. DNA was extracted both from the TIMLD cases and controls, HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB loci were amplified by using Touchdown PCR, and the alleles and genotypes were confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing. Finally, the frequencies of HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB variants were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results showed that the frequency of HLA-DMA*0101 and HLA-DMB*0103 alleles was significantly increased in TIMLD patients than in controls (71.3% vs. 55.0% for HLA-DMA*0101; P<0.05) (11.5% vs. 3.3% for HLA-DMB*0103; P<0.05). In addition, the frequency of HLA-DMA*0102-*0102 homozygous genotype was also significantly higher in the controls than in the patients (25.0% vs. 8.2%, P<0.05), whereas the frequency of heterozygous HLA-DMB *0101-*0102 genotype was lower in the patients in comparison with the controls. Conclusion The polymorphisms of HLA-DM may be associated with the susceptibility to TIMLD.</p>

Relationship of trichloroethylene-induced medicamentosa like dermatitis to HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the susceptibility of trichloroethylene-induced medicamentosa like dermatitis by comparing the frequency of HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB in patients with trichloroethylene-induced medicamentosa like dermatitis and in normal controls.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The DNA of lymphocytes in 61 patients with trichloroethylene-induced medicamentosa like dermatitis and in 60 people as the normal control were abstracted by using touchdown PCR amplification of HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB. Then through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence base typing, the alleles and genotypes were confirmed. The frequency of HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB in the two groups was compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The HLA-DMA*0101 allele frequency in patients with trichloroethylene-induced medicamentosa like dermatitis was significantly higher than in the control group (71.3% vs 55.0%, P < 0.05). The allele frequency of HLA-DMA*0103 was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (11.5% vs 3.3%, P < 0.05). The ratio of *0102 homozygotes of HLA-DMA*0102 in the patient group was significantly higher than in the control group (25.0% vs 8.2%, P < 0.05). The ratio of *0102 heterozygotes of HLA-DMB*0101 in the patient group was lower than in the control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The polymorphisms of DMA may be related to the susceptibility of the patients with trichloroethylene-induced medicamentosa like dermatitis.</p>

ESBLs Phenotype and Genotype Analysis of Klebsiella and Escherichia coli / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To explore the phenotype and genotype of Klebsiella and Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum ?-lactamases(ESBLs).METHODS The producing ESBLs strains in 110 E.coli and 94 Klebsiella isolates were determined according to disk diffusion test,recommended by NCCLS and the drug-resistant genes such as TEM,SHV,CTX-M-1,CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-9 were detected by PCR and sequencing.RESULTS The producing ESBLs rates were 36.2%,42.7% and 39.7% in Klebsiella,E.coli,and in both two strains,respectively.The positive rate in detecting ESBLs by CTX and CTX/CLAV was higher(66.7%);the negative rates were 68.1% in E.coli,64.7% in Klebsiella when using CAZ alone and CAZ/CLAV.The rates of TEM,SHV,CTX-M-1,CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-9 were 54.3%,38.3%,21.0%,24.7% and 70.4%,respectively,in producing ESBLs isolations.The CTX-M genotype was predominant,(91.4%);the isolations(71.6%) contained more than two resistance genes.CONCLUSIONS More attention should be payed on ESBLs producing E.coli and K.pneumoniae strains.